They are dedicated to the " Goddess of Mercy," and are connected with Buddhism. Vacancies are filled up by purchase and self-dedication; and parents very often sell their female children. The inducement held out is the certainty of being, after death, completely absorbed into the unknown Budha. Their dress is so much like that of the Buddhist Priests, that in the streets it is difficult to distinguish between them. The distinction between the novice and the nun in orders is, one has the head completely shaven and the novice only a small portion of the crown; the other requirements are to eat and drink sparingly, and wholly to live on vegetable diet, with a perpetual vow of virginity; the sick and poor are to be visited. Their services are performed morning and evening, and consist of reciting out of their sacred books; and when specially employed to perform a service they are remunerated by sums varying from 50 to 100 cash. Their means of support arise from donations and subscriptions, and letting out their nunneries into lodgings, not unfrequently for the basest purposes. In the district of Ningpo there are upwards of thirty of these bagnios.The number of Mahommedans in China is said to be considerable. There is a large mosque inside the city of Canton. Many learned Mahommedans, from Balk Coach Factory and Samarkand, accompanied the Western Tartars when they invaded China, A.d. 1278. These men were of infinite service to the state, particularly in imparting to them a knowledge of astronomy, and correcting their calendar. But still they were quite Coach Factory Outlet Online astray in their calculations until the arrival of the Jesuits in the sixteenth century; in fact, the Chinese had not proper instruments until then. Astrology appears more sought after than astronomy, even to the present day.The increase in the number of the Mohammedans was so great in a few years, as to attract the attention of government; it was discovered that their increase was owing to their purchasing children whom their parents were unable to rear, and would otherwise have destroyed. Many of this persuasion have held important70 JEWS IN CHINA. offices under government. Coach Factory Store They are still numerous about the borders of the province of Shen-se, and generally congregate in districts.We have no account of the number of Jews in China; but that there are many in the inland provinces, is very probable. There is an early record, of Jews in China, given by two Arabian travellers, who traded with China, A.d. 877, (see Foreign Intercourse). Peristal, an Italian Jew, who wrote two centuries ago, states that the Jews were at one time powerful in India and China. " Their chief residence was Chabor, to approach which you must double the Cape of Good Hope, enter the Indian Ocean, make the continent of Asia, and you will find Chabor.'"A Rabbi, named Benjamin of Tudela, in the 12th century^ visited many countries of the East to discover the scattered tribes. He found them in Persia, Samarckand, Tibet, and China. He states that part of the Ten Tribes crossed the Great Wall which divides China from Tartary, and settled in the former. Father Ricci, the learned Jesuit, while residing in Peking in A.d. 1610, met with a Jew who informed him that there were ten families of Jews residing in Keafung-foo, which is the capital of the province of Honan; and that they had preserved a copy of the Pentateuch 600 years. Father Ricci showed him a Hebrew Bible. The young Jew (although a Coach Outlet Online Chinese student) identified the characters.The onerous duties of Ricci, and the distance from Peking (200 leagues), prevented him personally inspecting this Synagogue. But three years after he sent a Chinese Jesuit with a letter to the chief, who seemed so well aware of the fame of Ricci, that he invited him to take possession of the Synagogue, Coach Factory Outlet as he was very old, provided he would abstain from meats that were forbidden. On this occasion the Pentateuch was minutely examined, and found in every respect conformable to the Hebrew Bible.The subsequent year, Father Aleni, a Jesuit and distinguished Hebrew scholar, visited this Synagogue; but the chief was dead, and nothing could induce them to show their books.

As the means of supporting a family are within the reach of every one, people here marry young, and look out for habitations afterwards. They display a very commendable attention to the education of their children, and as soon as half a dozen houses, are built in a new settlement, a school is established ; where, in the summer, the younger Coach Outlet Online children are taught by a girl; and in winter, those that are somewhat older by one of the settlers, who takes upon himself the task of school-master. All can read, write and cypher. The equality of rights which they possess, naturally produces an equality, or similarity of manners; ai>d as they enjoy the same latitude in religion, as in political opinions, there is, so far as I have observed, very little discord between the various sects. What a happiness it would be to the world, if all who read the exhortation of the apostle, to Faith, Hope and Charity, would impress upon their minds his declaration, that the greatest of these is Charity; and the necessity of " avoiding foolish questions and genealogies, and " contentions and strivings about the law ;—for they " are unprofitable and vain! "and yet, although this is said by one of the greatest of the apostles to a bishop of the church, I fear it has often been overlooked, and its meek and christian spirit neglected.In this township there is no minister yet established. It is customary for the settlers to assemble on Sundays; prayers are said by some one, with much apparent devotion ; a hymn or psalm is sung in parts, for most of them have been taught psalmody, accompanied by instrumental music, as a violincello, flutes, &c. A sermon from some approved divine is read;—and I must say, that this simple family worship has effects upon me, as powerful as a discourse in a cathedral.SLAVERY, ROBBERIES, MENDICITY. 113No slavery is permitted in Pennsylvania; the toleration of which in the southern states, is of incalculable mischief; and it is an evil which it is extremely difficult to get rid of; for even those who are opposed to slavery, dread the effects of an universal emancipation of the blacks. A society has been established by some of the most distinguished men in the United States for colonizing them, from whose efforts much may be hoped.In the country robberies are almost unheard of; and when they occur in the cities, they are generally found to be committed by some abandoned out cast from Europe, whom justice has driven from her shores. It is a fact, that of the criminals in American courts of justice, a very great proportion are foreigners. Indeed, an American to whom the means of support are abundant, has no excuse for being a knave.Mendicity is so rare in this state, that from my landing at Philadelphia to the present time, Iliave not seen a beggar.—Perhaps no better proof can be given of the general prosperity of its inhabitants.The native Indians of this country are said to have a great capability of action but to be much addicted to idleness. I cannot help thinking this a part of the character of the people whom I am among. I find a man, whose enterprise has led him from the home of his parents, many hundred miles into the forests, to make a home for himself; but after cutting down a few trees, that he may enjoy the rays of 114 IDLENESS, VERSATILITY, POLITICS.the sun, he contents himself with the exertions lie has made, and sits down, to bask in its beams. Here are persons capable of any thing, but the steady plodding labour, so necessary for the prosperity of the farmer, or mechanic. This may in a great degree, arise from the want of an early application to one particular pursuit. Every one chooses his own occupation, and is any thing, or nothing, just as it happens, or inclination leads. The result, however, of Coach Factory Outlet this laxity of discipline, is a far greater 1 degree of general knowledge, than can be found among the same class of society, in any other country.On the subject of politics but little is heard out of the large cities. In all popular governments there must be some who are striving to get into place, and others who Coach Factory Outlet Online are endeavouring to retain it.

The Meaou-tze, have been many years a great source of uneasiness to the government. The Emperor Keen-lung, wasted an immense army for several years, in unsuccessful contests. The Emperor Kea-king was compelled to sue for peace from these hardy mountaineers. In 1832, a rebellion broke out near Leen-choo, on the frontiers of Kwang-tung, (Canton) province, which proved most destructive to the imperial army. One dark night the rebels fastened lights on the horns of goats and sheep, and let them loose about the mountains.The imperial troops by this diversion were sent to attack the imaginary enemy, when the real one came down in a defile, and committed dreadful slaughter. Kin-lung, the rebel chief, about the same time, met the Viceroy of Canton in open battle, and slew many of his troops, surprised the garrison one night, and fired the gupowder magazines, so that many thousand Chinese soldiers were blown up. After campaigning a considerable time, the rebels quietly laid down their arms. The Peking Gazette announced it as a victory, but the fact was that the Chinese Generals paid a very large sum of money for this nominal victory, which is the usual case Coach Factory Outlet with the Chinese government.The Meaou-tsze are of middle-size, excellent horsemen, and have few traces of the savage in their exterior, although the Chinese paint them in the worst colors. They manufacture their own clothes and warlike instruments.The existence of such a race in the neighbourhood of Canton province, often spreading terror to Canton city itself, is one of the numerous proofs of the utter helplessness of the government, general and local.A summing up, or general examination, of the Chinese character and state of society is reserved for the last chapter; when the inferences to be drawn from the whole of the facts stated will be more manifest, and when the Christian philanthropist will be appealed to in aid of extending the means of improving the condition, and promoting the moral and spiritual welfare, of one-third of the human race now existing in the immense empire under review, and with whom we must inevitably be brought into more intimate association.CHAPTER Coach Factory Outlet Online III.AGRICULTURAL, MANUFACTURING, AND MINERALPRODUCTS.Agriculture and Vegetable Productions.—China owes its internal wealth and extensive population to thrifty and skilful agriculture. Shin-ning, a celebrated inventor, is said have been the first who substituted grain for raw meat, and taught the nation cultivation. The Chinese sovereigns always encouraged agriculture. Wanti (179 B.c) even took the plough into his hand; which gave rise to a festival and custom that is practised to the present day; and by no former emperors has this branch of industry been encouraged more than Coach Factory by the present sovereign, Taoukwang. The success of Chinese agriculture is conveyed in Coach Factory Store the homely instructions of the emperor to his children (subjects), viz.: " Keep your lands clean, manure them richly, and make a farm resemble a garden." No fields are laid down in pasture; tillage in every practicable spot is universal: two, three, and four crops are obtained in the year from the same ground, viz., rice, potatoes, pulse, cabbage, and turnips.Manure in a liquid state is in extensive use; one of the modes of preparation is Coach Outlet Online to steep it several months in a reservoir, and when in a liquid state, it is reduced to cakes, and mixed with putrid vegetable matter, or with oil-cakes, human hair, or lime from powdered oyster-shells, ashes, &c.The provinces which lie to the north and west of China, such as Chih-li, Shan-se, and Sz-chuen, produce in great abundance wheat, barley, several kinds of millet, tobacco, peas that are always green, also black and yellow peas for feeding horses; but in the southern provinces, these sorts of grain are in no esteem.The same provinces likewise produce rice, in several places whereG82 TIMBER.—CAMPHOR TREE.the earth is dry, but tlieu the crop is not so abundant, besides it is harder, and requires more boiling than the rice of the southern provinces, especially .

迷迷糊糊进入了大二下半学期，也就是苏州保健www.5734a.com我现在的处境。所开的课又变的乏味起来，开学两个多月了，我早已恢复到了以前的逃课状态。四月的末尾，天气连续的放晴，每日渐高的气温，热的我有些喘不过气来。最近一段时间，我经常性的缺课，每周也就出现在教室一两节，其余的时间就呆在宿舍上网或工作。对我来说，逃课的理由显然很不充分，除了课实在无聊之外，我总觉得上课不如打工挣钱来的实际。与其违心的掂本小说在课堂上熬时间，还不如干脆不去来得清闲，两则关键的差别也就是个点名问题。我向来是个懒得请假的人，反正不想去，就应该有被点着的心理准备，何必再编写不着边的理由来咒自己呢？听说过一个笑话：“有一个学生向老师撒谎说他爷爷死了，需要请假回家，老师信了他。结果没过多久这个学生和他爷爷同时出现在学校，老师问：‘你爷爷不是已经死了吗？’学生回答：‘是呀，可他又活了，他有点搞不明白老师出了车祸，怎么还能批请假条。’”这个学生聪明的真是可以，竟然能两面骗得成功，显然他的理由在两边都是充分的，也难为他了。记得一次有位老师在课堂上宣布：“凡多次无理由请假的，考试成绩要扣分。”我当时心里就好笑，什么叫无理由请假，自己造的词吗？谁请假能没有理由，不管撒谎还是事实，能应付过去就行，你能说别人的理由是假的吗？所以从这一点看，老师还不理解我们。

When the solution of deutoxide of copper is strongly coloured by organic substances, then an excess of ammonia produces no blue colour, even though a pretty large quantity of deutoxide of copper be present. Red wine, which contains deutoxide of copper, acquires from ammonia only a dirty brown colour, a change precisely similar to that produced by ammonia in perfectly pure red wine.One of the most trust-worthy reagents for readily detecting deutoxide of copper in solutions which contain a large quantity of non-volatile organic substances, is the solution of prussiate of potash. Even when the slightest traces of deutoxide of copper are contained in a solution with very considerable quantities of organic substances, the solution of prussiate of potash produces the same characteristic reddish precipitate that it produces in solutions of pure deutoxide of copper. It is necessary, however, that the solution be either neutral or slightly acid, and not alcaline. Slight traces of deutoxide of copper can be detected in this manner in white wine, and in solutions of sugar and other organic substances. The solutions, however, must not be very strongly coloured, otherwise the test becomes ineffectual. In red wine, for example, it is impossible to detect deutoxide of copper by prussiate of potash, unless the deutoxide of copper be present in considerable quantity.The surest way of detecting the slightest traces of deutoxide of copper in a solution, is to precipitate it in the state of metallic copper, by clean iron, as, for example, by the blade of a knife. Even when the solution contains organic substances of every description, and is quite darkly coloured, or even completely opaque, the presence of the slightest traces of deutoxide of copper are detected by the copper-red coating acquired by the iron. The only precaution necessary to be taken is, that of rendering the solution slightly acid. When the solution contains but a very small quantity of deutoxide of copper, the iron does not become coated with the metallic copper Coach Factory Outlet till it has been exposed to the solution for several hours. This method of detecting small quantities of deutoxide of copper is even more delicate than that by means of sulphuretted hydrogen gas. Solutions which contain very small quantities of deutoxide of copper mingled with large quantities of organic substances, afford, indeed, a brown, but not a black, precipitate with liquid sulphuretted hydrogen. They afford also the same precipitate with hydrosulphuret of ammonia, provided they have been rendered alcaline previous to its addition. But it is necessary that the operator convince himself of the actual presence of copper in the resulting precipitate; he must, therefore, collect and examine Coach Outlet Online it before the blowpipe. This, however, is not easy to do. Small quantities of sulphuret of copper are separated by the filter with the greatest difficulty; and, in solutions, which contain much organic matter, are retained a very long time in suspension. Extremely slight traces of copper are, besides, frequently not at all indicated by liquid sulphuretted hydrogen, while they can still be precipitated by blank iron; and when, moreover, a solution is very strongly coloured, the employment of liquid sulphuretted hydrogen for the detection of copper, is altogether objectionable.When pasty or solid organic substances are mingled with small quantities of deutoxide of copper, they are usually digested with nitric acid, and in some cases, with diluted sulphuric acid, and the deutoxide of copper is sought for in the filtered solution. Extremely slight traces of deutoxide of copper, when mingled with very large quantities of organic substances, cannot, however, be detected by such a process. It is best, in this case, to mix Coach Factory Outlet Online the substance with carbonate of soda or carbonate of potash, to ignite the mixture in a Hessian crucible, and to levigate the ignited mass. The charcoal is then separated by washing., and the reduced copper remains in the mixture. In this manner, copper can be detected in food which has been boiled in copper vessels, and in bread which has been adulterated with very small quantities of blue vitriol.

A solution of potash produces no precipitate in such an ammoniacal solution of oxide of , "bait, provided it contain muriate of ammonia; but if the solution contain no muriate of ammonia, it produces a very slight precipitate.A solution of Carbonate of Potash produces, in cobalt solutions, a red precipitate, which, upon being boiled, becomes blue.A solution of Bicarbonate of Potash produces, in cobalt solutions, a red Coach Outlet Online precipitate.A solution of Carbonate of Ammonia produces, in neutral cobalt solutions, a red precipitate, which dissolves in a solution of muriate of ammonia. The solution thus formed has a red colour, and does not turn brown.on exposure to the air, but merely becomes a very little redder at the surface, and that only after a pretty long exposure. When the solution of oxide of cobalt contains muriate of ammonia, the addition of carbonate of ammonia produces no precipitate.A solution of Phosphate of Soda produces, in neutral cobalt solutions, a blue precipitate.A solution of Oxalic Acid produces, in neutral cobalt solutions, no immediate troubling; but, after some time, there appears a precipitate, which is white or only very slightly reddish. This precipitate continually increases in quantity during a long reposure, so that at last the supernatant solution becomes nearly colourless.A solution of Prussiate of Potash produces, in cobalt solutions, a green precipitate, which afterwards turns grey, and is insoluble in muriatic acid.A solution of Red Prussiate of Potash produces, in cobalt solutions, a dark reddish-brown precipitate, which is insoluble in muriatic acid.Hydrosnlphuret of Ammonia produces, in neutral cobaltPART I. Hsolutions, a black precipitate, which is insoluble in an excess of the precipitant.Liquid Sulphuretted Hydrogen, or a current of Sulphuretted Hydrogen Gas, causes, in neutral cobalt solutions, no immediate precipitation; the solution, however, acquires a somewhat blackish colour, and after some time deposits a very slight black precipitate. An acidulated solution affords not the slightest signs of a precipitate, even after a considerable time.All the salts of oxide of cobalt which are soluble in water, are decomposed when heated to redness in contact with the atmosphere, and become thereon partially insoluble in water. The sulphate of cobalt, however, is but partially decomposed, even by a very strong heat.The solutions of the neutral cobalt salts weakly redden litmus paper.The salts of oxide of cobalt which are insoluble in water, nearly all dissolve in acids, for example, in muriatic or sulphuric acid. When the solution produced by dissolving such a compound in an acid, is saturated by potash, or still better by ammonia, the insoluble compound commonly precipitates in its original state. When, however, the solution is Coach Factory Outlet very acid, the saturation of it with ammonia produces no precipitate; because, in that case, the precipitation is hindered by the presence of the ammoniacal salt. Hydrosulphuret of ammonia, however, produces immediately a black precipitate, and it is by means of this reagent that the analyst can most easily convince himself of the presence of cobalt in a solution. Whenever no precipitate is produced in the acidulated solution of a compound by sulphuretted hydrogen gas, while, at the same time, a black precipitate is produced in the neutral or alcaline solution by hydrosulphuret of ammonia, the substance can scarcely contain any other metal than cobalt, nickel, or iron. The method of distinguishing these three metals from each other, is described in another part of Coach Factory Outlet Online this work.Before the Jilowpipe, the cobalt salts are very easily detected. The smallest portions colour borax and microcosmic salts strongly blue; by larger quantities, the glass is so fully coloured, that it appears to be black. By soda, Od charcoal, they are reduced to a grey magnetic powder, which is metallic cobalt. (BERZELIUS: Anwendung des Ltihrohrs, p. 93.)

By this means, oxalate of lime is precipitated, often with a very dark colour. The precipitate is dried and ignited. The resulting carbonate of lime is dissolved in muriatic acid, and the presence of lime is detected in the solution. When lime, or a salt of lime, is mingled with solid or pasty organic substances, it is best to treat the mass with water acidulated by nitric acid. The solution is filtered, and the clear liquor is tested for lime in the manner described above.—When sulphate of lime is mingled with solid or pasty organic substances which cannot be dissolved by pure water, the mass must be treated in the same manner as if it contained sulphate of barytes. The operation which it is necessary to perform, has been described at page 63.VIII. MAGNESIA.Pure magnesia is a white powder, which is infusible by heat, and pretty nearly insoluble in water. If laid upon reddened litmus paper and moistened, it changes the colour to blue. No heat is produced by moistening it with water.The neutral solution of magnesia behaves like solutions of the easily soluble salts of magnesia.Sulphuric Acid produces no precipitate in the concentrated solutions of the salts of magnesia.Neither does Hydrafluosilicic Acid occasion precipitation.A solution of Potash produces, in solutions of neutral magnesian salts, a voluminous flocculent precipitate, which does not disappear when the liquid is diluted with water. If the magnesian solution has previously been mingled with a solution of muriate of ammonia, it produces a much smaller precipitate on the addition of potash. Even so, the precipitate at first produced by potash, mostly disappears, when a solution of muriate of ammonia is added. If the whole be then boiled, a precipitate is invariably formed, unless there be a deficiency of potash.Ammonia produces, in neutral magnesian solutions, a bulky precipitate, which, on the addition of a solution of muriate of ammonia, wholly disappears. When a solutioa of muriate of ammonia, and then a solution of ammonia Coach Factory Outlet Online is added to a neutral solution of magnesia, no precipitate is formed, unless the muriate of ammonia is added in too small a proportion. When the solution of a magnesian salt is not neutral, but contains free acid, it gives also no precipitate when an excess of ammonia is added, except the quantity of free acid be too inconsiderable to produce a sufficient quantity of ammoniacal salt.A solution of Carbonate of Potash produces, in neutral nagnesian solutions, a voluminous precipitate, which completely disappears when a solution of muriate of ammonia is added. No precipitate is produced by carbonate of potash, if, previous to its addition, the magnesian solution be mingled with a solution of muriate of ammonia. Ib both cases, however, if the solution be boiled, and carbonate of potash be added in sufficient quantity, a voluminous precipitate is formed. When the solution of the magnesian salt contains much free acid, and at the same time is not too concentrated, it produces no precipitate with carbonate of potash; yet, when the mixture is boiled, a precipitate is formed.A solution of Bicarbonate of Potash produces no precipitate in solutions of salts of magnesia, even though they be concentrated and neutral. But if the mixture be boiled for some time, a precipitate is formed.A solution of Carbonate of Ammonia produces, in magnesian solutions, no precipitate, because the carbonate of ammonia generally contains bicarbonate of ammonia. But if a mixture of the two substances be boiled, a precipitate appears. Upon the addition of muriate of ammonia, this precipitate redissolves.A solution of Phosphate of Soda produces a precipitate in concentrated and neutral solutions of magnesia. In pretty dilate solutions, no precipitate is formed when the mixture is cold; but if it be boiled, a precipitate appears, which does not redissolve when the liquor becomes cold. Y/hen a solution of phosphate of soda is mingled Coach Outlet Online with a neutral solution of magnesia, and the mixture is so much diluted that no precipitate appears in the cold, the addition of caustic or carbonated ammonia Coach Factory Outlet produces an immediate precipitate.Solutions of Oxalic Acid and ot'Binoxalate of Potash produce no precipitate in neutral magnesian solutions.

G holds good, and the conditions of the second proposition of "K. T." are fulfilled, viz., "wiihu the rafters are prevented from spreading by a tie beam or>, h*rforo , then a collar ap plied some distance up them will be liable to coinpres'non." ** H.'s " last paragraph is a total misrepresentation-of, and entirely opposed to all that I have written. "T. R. H." pays " jfvetiu the dark I shall be glad to send proofs." 1 hope he will oiFer no excuses, Coach Factory Outlet hut be as good as his word, and send a proof, if he can of hil startling assertion in No. 728 that the strain in a collar is in the direction of the inclined rafter*.—Purlin. [1122.]—If tho "interest of beginners" was the real motive for the letter of " E. S." ol January 8, it is a pity he did not devoie a few lines to a refutation of "Purlin's1argument of December 4th, instead of contenting himself with the remark, that it is "clearly erroneous." My main object, however, is to call attention to the cool way in which "E. S.'' invents a condition, aud tacksit on to the "original query iu order to avoid the result of his own statement, that "a collar will bo liable to compression if the rafters are prevented from spreading by a tie-beam or other force." Other force is provided bv nailing to the wall plate and often by notching in addition. I ihink "Purlin" is right, but if he be proved wrong at la^t, it will he by other than his present opponents, who seem unanimous in avoiding a detailed criticism of his argument —K.[The editor of tho Building Nbwij presents his compliments to the various writers on this question. He thinks the time is come to terminate the correspondence. He hopes, however, to hear from them again frequently on other matters on Intercommunication.][1208.]—WOODBURY'S PHOTO-RELIEF PROCESS. — "Inquirer" can obtain the information he wants by applying at the Coach Factory Outlet Online offices of the Photo-Itelief Company, 38, Broadstreet Buildings, E.C.; also see article iu "Daily News" of the 4th January.—E. H. Horne. [1214.]—DRAINAGE OF BASEMENTS,—There cannot be a more important question for the consideration of the conscientious surveyor. No doubt much of rheumatism, and oven more malignant forms of disease, are caused by damp cellars, and the modern style of building, w hich scimpa every kind of work that is out of sight, require* reform. The plan suggested by '* Water Tight" will not do. It is no doubt (rOaaihle Coach Factory Store by such an arraugement to keep the Coach Outlet Online water out of hiB cellar, but the damp would Btrike up the walls, and an incurable mischief would in time be created. 1 have had a similar case. My house is a detached house, built upon a stiff clay. The basement is 6ft. below the liue of air-bricks which surround the house. Between my house and my next neighbour's, there being about ]£>0ft. between them, a well bad been sunk to receive the overflow from the two cesspools. This well was 28ft. deep, and as it had no overflow, there was nothing but the absorbing power of Coach Factory the soil to depend upon. The whole of the roof waters from both houses found its way into this well, and very much of the surface drainage. My neighbour's house, both houses being built by a speculating architect, was on higher ground, which would make a difference of probably tift. or ift. in the level of the basement. It turned out, although this information was not given me at the time I purchased the house, nor did my own surveyor discover it, that tho cellar had been twice flooded before it came into my possession, aud the architect, to meet the evil, had put in a trap and a drain connecting the cellar with the ceutre cesspool or absorbing well. No doubt this was done to meet the difficulty until the house was Bold, for it is impossible to coucive that such a miscalculation could be made, for, besides the roof waters, there was nearly an acre of ground to drain into it, and no man of the moat moderate experience could suppose thdt it would be a permanent remedy.

The hood mould over the windows might as well havo been flat, and painted and shaded, for the beautiful and Norman ornament is not distinguishable from the masses of colour which are laid upon it.I do not wish to say anything about the choice of colours, although I do not think they are correct, but I Coach Outlet Online wish to protest against their use in such a manner as they disfigure buildings that wo ought to make our study as models of purity and truth. If we do not make a firm stand against such startling novelties that are not pure iu principle, our glorious revival of Gothic architecture will speedily degenerate into a base Btyle unworthy of the enlightened nineteenth century. The general cry now is " the Church is in danger," but I tbink we can more justly say "the churches aie in danger," for the rage of restoration has so thoroughly set in.—I am, 4c, T. H.January 11.English, Perpendicular, and Renaissance. The Crown Court is 54ft. by 30ft., and the Nisi Priua 50ft. by 34ft., and each 36ft. high, both lighted by side windows with ornamented roofs. The courts are approached by corridors on each side. From one corridor is the entrance for judges, barristers, and attorneys, and the other corridor for witnesses and jurymen, with the necessary rooms for each attached to the corridors, and the corridors are connected, under the judges' platform, by descending a few steps to a cross corridor. The grand jury and other rooms are placed on the onepair, with access to galleries in courts. The elevations are being executed in Box ground freestone and red Mansfield Btone. The interior architecture is being executed to accord in every particular with the exterior.BRISTOL ASSIZE COURTS.These buildings are being erected between Broad and Small streets, and are the result of a competition last year from advertisements in the public papers Bent in to the corporation under motto. Mr. G. E. Street was requested by the corporation to visit Bristol, and adjudicate on the design. Fourteen designs were sent in by competing architects, and Mr. Street's decision was that Popes and Bindon should receive the first premium of 100 guineas ; Godwin and Crisp, the second premium of 50 guiueas; and Messrs. Coach Outlet Hansom and Sons, the third premium of 25 guineas. The corporation confirmed Mr. Street's decision, and appointed Popes and Bindon, of Bristol, to proceed with the working drawings and obtain contracts. Of those delivered, that of Messrs. Wilkins and Son (just under £12,000) was accepted, this amount not exceeding 10 per cent, of the architects' estimate. The design is being carried out in the style of Colston's House, a portion of which is utilized and forms rooms for consultation rooms, law library, and barristers' reading rooms. The old remains comprise a variety of Btyles, including Norman, EarlyCOMPETITIONS. Lincoln Countv Prison.—The magistrates received twenty plans in reply to their advertisement, and after several meetings reduced that number to three, and then referred the selected plans to Mr. Bernard Hartley, the county surveyor of the West Riding of Yorkshire, a gentleman well acquainted with prisou building. The magistrates, upon receiving Mr. Hartley's report and consulting him personally, came to the conclusion that i he plan of Mr. Frederick Peck, architect, London, was upon the whole most deserving of approval. The two other reserved plans were of undoubted merit, and in the report submitted to quarter sessions the committee recommended that a grant of £100 be made to Messrs. Jones and Lee, architects, London, whose plan appeared second in merit, and that a grant of £'50 be made to Mr. Moffat, architect, Edinburgh, whose plan apDeared to be next in Coach Factory Outlet merit to that of Messrs. Jones and Lee. The prison is to be built at Lincoln, and will be commenced as early as possible.St. Silas' Church, Hull.—This church, according to the conditions issued by the committee, is to hold 650 adults; the cost, including foundations for the tower, is not to exceed £3,500.

The ohief works effected by the restoration are the erection of new roofs to the nave and chancel, therebuildingof a portion of the walls and of nave arcade, the rearrangement of chancel, with addition of screens, and the addition of new seats throughout the church, at the cost of about £1,200. The work of restoration has been carried out under the direction of Masars. Edmund and John D. Sedding.©ur Office Mk Mr. E. Holmes, architect, of Birmingham, attended a meeting of the Board of Guardians of Penkridge Union, on Thursday week, and submitted hia working plans for the new Union Workhouse, which had been prepared in accordance with the wish and embodying the suggestions of the Poor Law Board (and which plans were recently selected in competition). Mr. Holmes was instructed to communicate and obtain an appointment with the secretary to the Poor Law Board, for the purpose of obtaining their final approval to the plans, with a view to at once advertise for tenders.Members or nssociates willing to read papers or to open a discussion on any subject of interest to surveyors, in the months of March and April, are requested to send their names and the titles of papers to the hon. secretary of the Institution of Surveyors, 12, Great George-street, Westminster, as early as possible.The signal-post to regnlate the traffic of the metropolis according to the railway system has been tried, and har, according to the testimony of the police, succeeded. The regular town drivers are fairly, and to quite an unexpected extent, amenable to the signals, whether cantion or the absolute stop.The following candidates will be balloted for at the next meeting of the Institution of Surveyors, viz.:—As Members—Mr. W. J. Clutton, The Monnt, York; Mr. C. H. Cooke, 11, Johnstreet, Bedford-row j Mr. P. G. Thynne, 11, Great George-street. As Associates—Mr. W. B. Smith, 7, New-square; Mr. B. B. Grantham, 22, Whitehall-place.The first conversazione of the Langham Sketching Club this season will take place tomorrow (Saturday) evening. We hear that an unusual number of works—some being intended for the ensuing exhibitions—will be exhibited.The Boyal Archaeological Sooiety will hold its annual oongress at Bury Sc. Edmunds this year, .towards the end of July. Visits will be paid to Ipswich, Framliogham, Orford, Dunwicb, and other places of interests. The president for the year is the Marquis of Bristol.Gas explosions have occurred more than once in connection with the street Bignal-post at the intersection of the great thoroughfares in front of Palace-yard, Westminster. The last of these occurred when the constable opened the Coach Outlet Online box near the baso of the pillar to turn off the gas for the night. It is supposed that the gas, Coach Factory Outlet escaping from worn-oDt main or service pipes, had found its way into the hollow of the Bignal-post, and that the opening of the door of the pillar below had caused the reduced light at the top of the pillar to ignite the columu of gas, and hence the explosion. The gaB fittingB of the pillar itself were ull found in perfect condition. The roadway all round the pillar has smelt almost from the time the pillar was put up, as if it were soaked with gas.A third edition Coach Outlet of Mr. Frederick Edwards' book on "Domestic Fireplaces" will appear shortly. Tne edition will be considerably enlarged.Another serious case of explosion at a firework maker's occurred last week in a great eastern thoroughfare, the Cambridge-road, attended by loss of life. A similar catastrophe happened in that establishment tiro years ago, but it has been allowed to go on. The business of firework maker was further dignified with that of a " manufacturer of railway fog signals," and it is hardly credible that such a business should be allowed in a orowded neighbourhood, when it would be just as convenient for railways to oarry it on outside of the metropolis. Cannot the Metropolitan Board of Works get power to deal with dangerous trades? In this instance m my poor people had window and other glass destroyed, besides women and children being seriously frightened.

We know not whether the architect or his instructions are to blame in all this ; we doubt not that the Academicians, like the rest of the modern world, desired that all that was out of sight should be out of mind, if cost might be saved thereby, but it was rather thought than money needed here, and the niggardliness has been far greater as regards the former than, the latter.In conceding utilitarian excellence to the provisions in this basement we made an exception, and this, strange as it may seem, is in the painting room. This is l_ shaped, with large windows in the projecting bay, and a smaller one in the receding wall, and. these all face the soutli, and light, properly for the purpose, not more than one-third of the room, leaving in absolute shade the greater part. The convenience of the students has been further studied by a special staircase to admit them from their cellar to the lecture-room above, and by a trap door in the floor of the Coach Outlet Online latter. The hinges requisite to support its heavy flaps have been cleverly invented by the clerk of the works, and we have no hesitation in saying that it is to this portion of the entire oontrivance that we should award the highest praise. If such provisions for art teaching show the feelings of the Academy, English artists can only grow, Topsy like, for the future, in spite of it, as they have grown hitherto. They certainly will not be raised in these cellars, other wise than as potatoes, with that bleached sort of existence which results from the absence of a healthy atmosphere of beauty, which to them is as essential as sunshine.Leaving, as we were glad to do, these lower regions, and arriving at the upper floor by a more dignified method of approach than the one described, the visitors entered, as the public will enter, from Old Burlington House, and found themselves in the really noble range of galleries which occupy the whole quadrangle on that level. The arrangement of these scarcely needs description here. In the centre is the domed octagonal hall, with spacious gallery on either side, and these are surrounded by a continuous series of rooms, all communicating with each other. The proportions of the apartments and their lighting seem to Coach Factory Outlet be admirable. The decorations aTe proceeding rapidly in the able hands of Mr. Collmann, and the effect will be quiet and rich, and calculated to enhance the pictures. The floors are laid with Arrowsmith's parquetry, of oak, with walnut introduced as borders. The walls have a low dodo, the base and coping of which are ebonized and the space between is fir, stained brown and varnished. Some red introduced into the black mouldings would be an improvement. The design of the cornices and coved parts of the ceiling is in itself not remarkable tor novelty or refinement, but the colouring bids fair to redeem it. We think the gilding is applied too solidly in parts, such as the bands of oak leaf enrichments. To colour a portion of these so as to break them up would be very desirable. Upon the doorways a good deal of elaboration has been expended. The less important ones are architectural compositions of pilasters, in fir, and entablatures in oak and walnut, and the superior ones have pilasters and arches. These Coach Outlet are both only boxings for show, and we can bestow very little admiration upon them, disapproving of the principle, and objecting to 1 their details and to the contrast of colour inthe marbles. They intrude also too much on the wall space for pictures.The walls are being decorated in the following fashion :—A projecting pattern is formed by means of stencil plates upon the previous flat surface of the wall, and the whole is then coloured in distemper a maroon red tint to throw up the pictures.The sculpture room differs from the rest in having a flat ceiling, with the construction shown and the joists enriched with stopped chamfers in the Gothic manner, contrasting strangely with Greek, guilloches and Classic brackets supporting the ends of the girders. To those who like "something between the two" styles the experiment may be interesting. We are pot eclectic enough to belong to the number.

Aoot. ference was held'in Leeds', on Wednesday night, on the propriety of the establishment of Boards of Arbitration in the rooms of the Chamber of Commerce. Mr. F. Farrand, who had, as, workman, been connected with, and assisted in the establishment of the now celebrated Hosiery Board at Nottingham, gave some useful details respecting the difficulties which had there to be encountered. An interesting discussion took place in reference to the most practical plan upon which to form a board in Leeds. The unanimous feeling of those present seemed to be that it would not be wise to attempt too much at once; that a general board should be first formed, in order that a means should be in existence to arbitrate on any question or dispute that might be referred to it; whilst the establishment of boards iu each individual trade should be encouraged, as a natural outgrowth of the adoption of the principle in the general board. The meeting was adjourned for one month, in order that the representatives of the Chamber of Commerce should lay the matter before the Council at its next meeting, and that the Chamber of Industry aud the Leeds Trades' Council should ascertain the opinion of the trades.Art And Industrial Exhibition For DerbyShire.—A committee has been formed, under the presidency of the Duke of Devonshire, K.G., for the purpose of getting up an art and industrial exhibition, to be holdeu at the Drill Hall, Derby, in the autumn. The exhibition will include paintings, sculpture, and other works of art, lent by the nobility and gentry; portraits and works of Derbyshire worthies; the fiotiie, textile, and otherarts of Derbyshire ; and the archaeology, the geology, the mineralogy, the natural history, and the arts and manufactures of the county. From the influential assistance promised, this exhibition bids fair to be a great success Coach Outlet Online both financially and as an exhibition of art. Mr. William Bemrose, jun., of Darby, is the hon. sec. of the Coach Factory Outlet Fine Arts Committee.Copper v. Brass Chains For Suspending Gaseliebs.—Correspondents in the Times direct attention to the danger of employing brass chains for suspending gaseliers, from the liability of certain varieties of the metal to expansion by exposure to the atmosphere, and the consequent do:~oent of the gaselier and escape of gas. Copper ohains are recommended as efficient substitutes.Royal SconiSH Societt Op A Rts.—A n ordinary meeting of this society was held at Edinburgh ot Tuesday evening. A communication was read from Mr. T. Claxton Fidler, C.E., London, on the question of ruling gradients, the same being a relative note to the peper on "Light Railways," by Mr. Cookburn Ainir, whioh was read at the last meeting. Mr. Hart exhibited in action a system of eleotric bells aud firo alarms, which he explained might be usefully employed in connecting different departments of warehouses or other establishments; in giving the alarm in the event of fire breaking out, or the premises being entered by thieves; and on railways, by giving warning of the approach of trains. He remarked, among other things, that the bells might be made to give an alarm at a distance of two miles. Mr. Edward Sang, F.R.S.E., read a suggestion for an improvement in the Selenograpb, whioh concluded the' before the meeting.It is Mr. Leighton's intention to bequeath to the Royal Academy, for the use of the students, the whole of the large collection of his studies in landscape which adorn his painting-room, and we.e made during various travels in the East, Greece, Spain, and the islands of the Mediterranean. The works in question comprise about forty pictures in oil, some of them from rarely-seen localities.Mr. Layard, Chief Commissioner of Works, has sanctioned a proposition for carrying an iron railing Coach Factory Outlet Online 7ft. high round the Regent's Park in lieu of the present dwarf fence. The rails will be of the ordinary common spike shape, and consequently, says the Owl, extremely ugly.

The cost of the present way is £1,200, and the saving in the cost of tn.ffi.0 will he 33 per cent, to the proprietors, Messrs. Kllis and Everard, in addition to the enormous saving in construction. The scheme is susceptible of extension to carry heavy traffic, the only difference being the providing of stronger gear. The line was constructed by the Wire Tramway Company, of London, under the personal superintendence of Mr. Hodgson, and with the tfficient co-operation and assistance of Mr. Ommanney. The cost ot'-tbe rope is abont Is. 9d. a foot, and is manufactured at Warring- ton, being half an inch in diameter. The rent paid to owners of laud over which the posts are fixed is 5s. per foot, the whole rent of the course being £25. SCHOOLS OF ART.Halifax School Of Art.—The annual meeting of the Halifax School of Art was held on the 8th inst., Lieutenant-Colonel Akroyd, M P., in the chair. '1 he reports, which were read by the head master, Mr. W. H. Stopford, exhibited a marked improvement in the condition of the school. The prizes having been distributed by the chairman, the meeting was addressed hy J. C. Buckmaster, Esq., the mayor (J. D. Hutchins, Esq.), and others, and the usual votes of thanks terminated the proceedings.Stirling:.—The session of the Stirling School of Art terminated on Wednesday week, when there was a numerous attendance in the Union Hall, Provost Hankine presiding. Mr. W. F. Collier, LL.D., delivered a lecture on " Puritans and Cavaliers," in the course of which he alluded to the customs and peculiarities and gave copious extracts from Coach Factory Outlet the poets of the period. The chairman said the lectures hitherto had been remarkably well attended. The library was in a very prosperous state, the number of volumes being now about 2,500 in all departments of literature.he informed the Board of Works that the Government was willing to lend its aid to arrest the carrying out of the project, which would undoubtedly disfigure the embankment. The work was authorised by an Aot of Parliament, bnt in similar oases Parliament bad before now changed its mind. Mr. Cowper contended that the viaduot would be a great publio benefit, and was part of the original soheme. After some further conversation Lord Elcho gave notioe that he would move for a select committee. On Tuesday night Lord Eloho's motion was made and agreed to.Mr. Grogory gave notice Coach Outlet Online to move a resolution that all museums and galleries supported by the State should be Sundays.COMPETITIONS.Kidderminster.—The designs for the new Infirmary are now on view in the Corn Exchange. The competiiiou was an open one, and nmongst the competitors were: Messrs. C. H. Coach Factory Outlet Online Cooke, H. B. Carting, John Laddp, and J. Toner, of Londo:i; Mr. J. N. Crofts, Liverpool; Mr. G. Bidlake, Wolverhampton; Messrs. Haddon Bros., Great Malvern; Mr. J. T. Meredith, Kidderminster; Mr. B. Lawrenoe, Newport (Mon.); Messrs. Payne and Talbot and Mr. J. G. Bland, of Birmingham; Mr. Spaull, Oswestry; Mr. W. Watkins, Lincoln; Mr. F. Popplewell, Manchester, and Mr. F. L. Evans. Four of the designs nre marked with mottoes, names not given. At a meeting of the Infirmary committee, held on Tuesday week, out of the nineteen plans wbioh have been sent Id, two were sekoted, between which the ultimate choice will lie. The plans thus selected are those of Mr. J. O. Bland and Mr. W. Watkins.Newington Infirmary.—This was decided on Monday, and the following was the result:— Jarvis, first prize; Knightley, second prize; Giles and Biven, third prize. Knightley's covered an acre of land less than either, and was lowest in amount also.BUILDING AND LAND SOCIETIES.Darlington.